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John Ireland (September 11, 1838 – September 25, 1918) was the third Roman Catholic bishop and first Roman Catholic archbishop of Saint Paul, Minnesota (1888–1918). He became both a religious as well as civic leader in Saint Paul during the turn of the 20th century. Ireland was known for his progressive stance on education, immigration and relations between church and state, as well as his opposition to saloons and political corruption. He promoted the Americanization of Catholicism, especially in the furtherance of progressive social ideals. He was a leader of the modernizing element in the Roman Catholic Church during the Progressive Era. He created or helped to create many religious and educational institutions in Minnesota. He is also remembered for his acrimonious relations with Eastern Catholics. ==History== John Ireland was born in Burnchurch, County Kilkenny, Ireland, and was baptized on September 11, 1838.〔 (Shannon, J. P. "Ireland, John" ''New Catholic Encyclopedia'', Vol. 7. 2nd ed. Detroit: Gale, 2003 )〕 His family immigrated to the United States in 1848 and eventually moved to Saint Paul, Minnesota, in 1852. One year later Joseph Crétin, first bishop of Saint Paul, sent Ireland to the preparatory seminary of Meximieux in France. Ireland was consequently ordained in 1861 in Saint Paul. He served as a chaplain of the Fifth Minnesota Regiment in the Civil War until 1863 when ill health〔"Ireland, John" in ''Webster's American Biographies'' (1979), Springfield, MA: Merriam.〕 caused his resignation.〔 Later, he was famous nationwide in the Grand Army of the Republic.〔"Ireland, John", in ''Webster's American Biographies'' (1979), Springfield. MA: Merriam.〕 He was appointed pastor at Saint Paul's cathedral in 1867, a position which he held until 1875.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title= Ireland, John, American Roman Catholic prelate )〕 In 1875 he was made coadjutor bishop of St. Paul and in 1884 he became bishop ordinary.〔 In 1888 he became archbishop with the elevation of his diocese and the erection of the ecclesiastical province of Saint Paul.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Archdiocese of St. Paul and Minneapolis (Mn.). Collection )〕 Ireland retained this title for 30 years until his death in 1918. Before Ireland died he burned all of his personal papers.〔Empson, ''The Streets Where You Live'', 144〕 John Ireland was personal friends with Presidents William McKinley and Theodore Roosevelt. At a time when most Irish Catholics were staunch Democrats, Ireland was known for being close to the Republican party.〔 He opposed racial inequality and called for "equal rights and equal privileges, political, civil, and social."〔"Ireland, John", in ''Webster's American Biographies'' (1979), Springfield, MA: Merriam.〕 Ireland's funeral was attended by eight archbishops, thirty bishops, twelve monsignors, seven hundred priests and two hundred seminarians.〔Johnston, ''Minnesota's Irish'', 80〕 He was awarded an honorary doctorate (LL.D.) by Yale University in October 1901, during celebrations for the bicentenary of the university. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「John Ireland (bishop)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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